独一味是什么药
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??? ????(無政府 女性主義, ??: anarcha-feminism, anarchist feminism, anarcho-feminism) ?? ???? ????( - 女性主義)? ?????? ????? ???? ????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????. ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????. L. Susan Brown? ??? ?? ???. “?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ? ?? ??.”[1]
??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????·??????·???? ????. “?????? ????”?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????.
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[??]??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????. ?? “??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??.”? ????, ??? ??? “????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???.”?? ????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????. (Bakunin on Anarchism, p. 396 and p. 397)[2] 1860?? ??, ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ?? —??, ??, ??, ???—? ??? ??? ????? “???”? ??? ????. ??? ??????? ??? ?? —??, ??, ??, ???—? “???”? ??? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??. ??? ??, ??, ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????.[2]
?????? ????? 19?? ??? 20?? ?? ??? ?? ???, ??? ? ???, en:Lucy Parsons ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????.[3] ??? ???? en:Federación Anarquista Ibérica? ??? ?????? ????? ?? en:Mujeres Libres(?? ??)? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????.[4] ???? ????? ?????? en:Federica Montseny?[5] ??? ?? ??? ????. “??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???.” ??? “???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????.” ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? “??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??.”[6] ???? ?????? ?????? He Zhen? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?????? ???.[7]
???? ??? La Voz de la Mujer
[??]
???? ??? ?????? 1896? 1? 8??? 1897? 1? 1? ??? 9? ??? ?? ?? 1901?? ?? ??? ?? ?? La Voz de la Mujer(??? ???)?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???, ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.[8] La Voz de la Mujer? ??? “??? ????? ??? ???”?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????. ????? ??? ?? ??? ???. “??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????” ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???. ??? ???? ????, ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???, ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??.[9]
?????? ????, ????? ?????, ???? ??
[??]
????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????.[10] ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????.[10]???? ?? ??? ???? ??? Moses Harman? Lois Waisbrooker? ??? ??? Lucifer the Lightbearer (1883–1907)??.[11] Ezra Angela Heywood? The Word1872–1890, 1892–1893)?? ??? ???[10] M. E. Lazarus ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????.[10] ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? émile Armand??.[12] ?? la camaraderie amoureuse ?? ??? ?? ???, ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????. ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????.[12] ??? ????? ???? Marie Küge, Anna Mahé, Rirette Ma?trejean, ??? Sophia Za?kovska ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????.[13]

????? ????? ??????? Maria Lacerda de Moura? ??? ??? ??, ????, ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??. ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???. 1923? 2??? ?????, ??, ?????? ??? Renascen?a?? ?? ???? ????? ??. ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? Han Ryner? émile Armand? ??? ???.[14]
??? ? ???
[??]??? ? ???( 1866? 11? 17? - 1912? 6? 20?)? ??? ???????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????(?????)?? ???? “???? ?????”? ????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ??. ??? ?? ???? Mother Earth?? ??? ?? 1914?? Collected Works of Voltairine de Cleyre? ??? ???. 1895? ??? Sex Slavery?? ???, ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????, ???? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????. ???? ???(Sex Slavery) ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???. ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????. “?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ????, ??? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??.”[15]

?? ???? ?? 1?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. 1897? ??? ??? ?? ??. “??? ??? ??? ??, ? ??? ?? ??? ??, ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??, ? ?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??, ??? ??, ???? ??, ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????.”[16]
???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??, ??? ???? ???? ??. ???? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???. ??? ??? ?? ??. “??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??. ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???, ? ???? ?? ?????.”[17][18] ??? ??? 1914? 6?, ??? ??? The Woman Rebel?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???. ???? ????? ??? ??? Family Limitation? ??? ????? ??. 1915? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??. ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???. 100??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? 2??? ???? ??? ???, ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ????.[19]
???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??. ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????.[20] en:Magnus Hirschfeld? ??? “??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ??????.”[21] ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????. ???? Hirschfeld?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??. “?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????.”[21]
?? ???
[??]?? ???(Milly Witkop)? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ????. Association of German Trade Unions (FVdG)? ?? Fritz Kater? ??? ?????? ????? Free Workers' Union of Germany? ??? ?? ??? ????, 1918? 11? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??.[22] ???? ?? ?? ?? FAUD? ??? ??.[23]??? ??? ??? 1919? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???, ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? FAUD? ??? ???? ??. ???? 1920? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????. 1921? 10? 15? ????? ??????? ????? ?? Syndicalist Women's Union(SFB)? ???? ??? ????. ?? ?? ???? SFB? ?? ???? Was will der Syndikalistische Frauenbund?(?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????)? ??? ????. 1921??? Frauenbund? FAUD? ?? SFB? ???? ????, ???? ??? ???? ?????.[23]
???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ??. ??? ??? FAUD ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???. ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????. [24]
Mujeres Libres
[??]Mujeres Libres(????)? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? 1936? Lucía Sánchez Saornil, Mercedes Comaposada ??? Amparo Poch y Gascón? ??? ????? ? 30,000?? ??? ???. ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??????, ? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ????. ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??.[25]
??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???, ?? ???, ????? ???? ????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??.[26] ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????, ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???. ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? Mujeres Libres? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??. ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???.[26] ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.[26] Mujeres Libres? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????. Mujeres Libres ???? ??? 1936? 5?? ?????. ??? ???? 14??? ?? ???? ???. ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????, ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??. ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????. “??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?”[27]
??? ??? ????
[??]
??? ??? ????(Lucía Sánchez Saornil 1895? 12? 13?-1970? 6? 2?)? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???????. ??? Mujeres Libres? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ???????(CNT)? Solidaridad Internacional Antifascista(SIA)? ?????. 1919??? ??? Los Quijotes, Tableros, Plural, Manantial, La Gaceta Literaria?? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ???.[28] ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????. Earth and Freedom, the White Magazineand Workers' Solidarity ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ???, ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????, ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????. workers' Solidarity? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? Gregorio Mara?ón? ??? ???? ????.[29]
??? ??
[??]?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??, ??, ??? ?? ???? ???.[30] ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?? ????.[31] ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???,[32] ?? ???? ??? ?? ???. “ ??? ??? ??? ???, ??? ????, ??? ????, ??? ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????.”[33] ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????, ??? ?? Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia? ????? ???? ???? Modern School? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??.[34]
Loraine Hutchins? Lani Ka'ahumanu? ??? ?? ??? Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out? ??? Lucy Friedland? Liz Highleyman? “The Fine Art of Labeling: The Convergence of Anarchism, Feminism, and Bisexuality”? ?? ????? ???[35] ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.[36][37]
??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????(manarchist)??[38] ??? ??? ????. ???? Onward Newspaper?? Rock Bloc Collective? ?? 2001? ??? “Stick it To The Manarchy”?? ??? ?????.[39]
?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???. [40]
?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? Mujeres Creando, radical cheerleaders ???? ?????? ????? ?? Eskalera Karakola ??? ???? annual La Rivolta!?? ??.
?? ?????? ????? ??/?????? Maria Mies, Peggy Kornegger, L. Susan Brown ?? ????? Starhawk ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? Lilith?? ??.[41]
?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????. Libertarias? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? Mujeres Libres? ??? ??? ?? ????? 1996?? ?????. 2010??? ??????? Virginia Bolten? ?? ??? Ni dios, ni patrón, ni marido(??, ???, ??? ??)? ?? ??? ??.[42][43]
?? ??
[??]- en:Anarchism and issues related to love and sex
- en:Feminist economics
- en:Feminist political theory ??? ecology
- en:Individualist feminism
- en:Issues in anarchism
- en:Libertarias, ???? ?????? ????? ??? en:Mujeres Libres? ?? ??
- ?????? ????
- en:Queer anarchism
- ??? ????
- ????? ????
??
[??]- ↑ Brown, p. 208.
- ↑ ? ? An Anarchist FAQ. What is Anarcha-Feminism? ??? 2025-08-08 - ??? ??
- ↑ Dunbar-Ortiz, p.9.
- ↑ Ackelsberg.
- ↑ ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????.
- ↑ “Spencer Sunshine: "Nietzsche and the Anarchists" (2005)”. 《Fifth Estate》 (radicalarchives.org) 367: 36–37. Winter 2004–2005. 2012? 9? 29?? ???.
- ↑ Liu (2013), 53?.
- ↑ Molyneux, Maxine (2001). 《Women's movements in international perspective: Latin America and beyond》. Palgrave MacMillan. 24?. ISBN 978-0-333-78677-2.
- ↑ “No God, No Boss, No Husband: The world’s first Anarcha-Feminist group”. Libcom.org. 2012? 1? 3?. 2012? 9? 29?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? ? ? McElroy, Wendy (1996? 12? 1?). “The Free Love Movement and Radical Individualism”. The Libertarian Enterprise. 2011? 6? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 9? 29?? ???.
- ↑ Passet, Joanne E. "Power through Print: Lois Waisbrooker and Grassroots Feminism," in: Women in Print: Essays on the Print Culture of American Women from the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, James Philip Danky and Wayne A. Wiegand, eds., Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin Press, 2006; pp. 229-50.
- ↑ ? ? “E. Armand and "la camaraderie amoureuse": Revolutionary sexualism and the struggle against jealousy” (PDF). 2012? 9? 29?? ???.
- ↑ “"Individualisme anarchiste et féminisme à la " Belle Epoque ""”. Endehors.org. 2012? 7? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 9? 29?? ???.
- ↑ “"Maria Lacerda de Moura - Uma Anarquista Individualista Brasileira" by”. Nodo50.org. 2012? 9? 29?? ???.
- ↑ De Cleyre 2005, 228?
- ↑ Quoted in Wexler, Intimate, p. 94.
- ↑ Goldman, Anarchism, p. 224.
- ↑ See generally Haaland; Goldman, "The Traffic in Women"; Goldman, "On Love".
- ↑ Wexler, Intimate, pp. 211–215.
- ↑ Katz, Jonathan Ned (1992). 《Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A.》. New York City: Penguin Books. 376–380?.
- ↑ ? ? Goldman, Emma (1923). "Offener Brief an den Herausgeber der Jahrbücher über Louise Michel" with a preface by Magnus Hirschfeld. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 23: 70. Translated from German by James Steakley. Goldman's original letter in English is not known to be extant.
- ↑ Vallance, Margaret (July 1973). “Rudolf Rocker—a biographical sketch”. 《Journal of Contemporary History》 (London/Beverly Hills: Sage Publications) 8 (3): 75–95. doi:10.1177/002200947300800304. ISSN 0022-0094. OCLC 49976309. Pg. 77-78.
- ↑ ? ? (???)Wolf, Siegbert: Witkop, Milly in Datenbank des deutschsprachigen Anarchismus. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
- ↑ Rübner, Hartmut (1994). 《Freiheit und Brot: Die Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands: Eine Studie zur Geschichte des Anarchosyndikalismus》 (???). Berlin/Cologne: Libertad Verlag. ISBN 3-922226-21-3.Pg. 185-189.
- ↑ O'Carroll, Aileen (June 1998). “Mujeres Libres: Women anarchists in the Spanish Revolution” (54). Workers Solidarity. 2015? 9? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 9? 29?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? ? O'Carroll, Aileen. “Mujeres Libres: Women anarchists in the Spanish Revolution”. 《Workers Solidarity No 54》. 2015? 9? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2005? 9? 27?? ???.
- ↑ Porter, David (1938). 《Vision on Fire: Emma Goldman on the Spanish Revolution》. New Paltz, NY: Common Ground Press. 254?.
- ↑ "R. Fue una época transgresora, emergió el feminismo y la libertad sexual estuvo en el candelero. Hay rastreos de muchas lesbianas escritoras: Carmen Conde[primera académica de número], Victorina Durán, Margarita Xirgu, Ana María Sagi, la periodista Irene Polo, Lucía Sánchez Saornil, fundadora de Mujeres Libres[sección feminista de CNT]... Incluso existía un círculo sáfico en Madrid como lugar de encuentro y tertulia.P. ?Se declaraban lesbianas?R. Había quien no se escondía mucho, como Polo o Durán, pero lesbiana era un insulto, algo innombrable. Excepto los poemas homosexuales de Sánchez Saornil, sus textos no eran explícitos para poder publicarlos, así que hay que reinterpretarlos.""Tener referentes serios de lesbianas elimina estereotipos" by Juan Fernandez at El Pais
- ↑ Enders and Radcliff. Constructing Spanish womanhood: female identity in modern Spain. SUNY Press, 1999.
- ↑ Emma Goldman, "Marriage and Love", in Alix Kates Shulman (ed.), Red Emma Speaks: An Emma Goldman Reader, Schocken Books, N.Y., 1982, pp. 204-13.
- ↑ Goldman, "Marriage and Love".
- ↑ Voltairine de Cleyre, They Who Marry Do Ill ??? 2025-08-08 - ??? ?? (1907)
- ↑ Goldman, "Marriage and Love", Red Emma Speaks, p. 205
- ↑ Avrich, Paul, The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States.
- ↑ “b i · a n y · o t h e r · n a m e”.
- ↑ Bisexual Movements ??? 2025-08-08 - ??? ?? glbtq.com.
- ↑ A Brief History of the Bisexual Movement by Liz A. Highleyman ??? 2025-08-08 - ??? ??
- ↑ : ?????? ???? ??, ??? ?? ????
- ↑ The Rock Bloc Collective (Spring 2001). “Stick it to the Manarchy”. Onward Newspaper. 2012? 9? 29?? ???.
- ↑ Tuana, Nancy (1994). Tong, Rosemarie, ??. 《Feminism And Philosophy: Essential Readings In Theory, Reinterpretation, And Application》. Boulder (Colo.): Westview Press. 328?. ISBN 978-0-8133-2213-1.
- ↑ “Lilith texts at The Anarchist Library”. The Anarchist Library. 2012? 9? 29?? ???.
- ↑ “"Ni Dios, Ni Patrón, Ni Marido" (2009) by Laura Ma?á”. Cinenacional.com. 2012? 9? 29?? ???.
- ↑ “Ni Dios, Ni Patron, Ni Marido - Trailer”. Youtube.com. 2012? 9? 29?? ???.
??????
[??]- Ackelsberg, Martha A. Free Women of Spain: Anarchism and the Struggle for the Emancipation of Women, AK Press, 2005. ISBN 978-1-902593-96-8.
- Bakunin, Mikhail (ed. Sam Dolgoff), Bakunin on Anarchy, Vintage Books, 1971: "Statism and Anarchy" (1873), p. 346: "[The family patriarch] is simultaneously a slave and a despot: a despot exerting his tyranny over all those under his roof and dependent on his will."
- Brown, L. Susan (1995). 〈Beyond Feminism: Anarchism and Human Freedom〉. 《Reinventing Anarchy, Again》. San Francisco: AK Press. 149–154?. ISBN 978-1-873176-88-7.
- Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (ed.). Quiet Rumours: An Anarcha-Feminist Reader, Dark Star: 2002. ISBN 978-1-902593-40-1.
- Goldman, Emma. Anarchism and Other Essays. 3rd ed. 1917. New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1969. ISBN 978-0-486-22484-8.
- Liu, Lydia, Rebecca E. Karl and Dorothy Ko, ed. (2013). 《The Birth of Chinese Feminism: Essential Texts in Transnational Theory》. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231162906.
- Ibárruri, Dolores (1984). 《Memorias de Pasionaria, 1939-1977: me faltaba Espa?a》. Editorial Planeta.
- Marsh, Margaret S. Anarchist Women, 1870–1920, Temple University Press, 1981. ISBN 978-0-87722-202-6.
- Marshall, Peter. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 978-0-00-217855-6.
- Wexler, Alice. Emma Goldman: An Intimate Life. New York: Pantheon Books, 1984. ISBN 978-0-394-52975-2.
?????
[??]- Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas - Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300CE-1939) (ed. Robert Graham) includes material by Louise Michel, Charlotte Wilson, Voltairine de Cleyre, Emma Goldman, Lucia Sanchez Soarnil (Mujeres Libres), and Latin American (Carmen Lareva), Chinese (He Zhen) and Japanese (Ito Noe and Takamure Itsue) anarcha-feminists.